U ovom preglednom radu istražuju se rani kulturni i književni temelji islamofobije u evropskoj tradiciji, s posebnim fokusom na Danteovo remek-djelo Božanstvena komedija. Analiziran je prikaz Poslanika Muhammeda, a.s., i Alije, r.a., u osmom krugu pakla, pri čemu se razmatraju istorijski, teološki i književni konteksti koji su oblikovali ovaj negativni narativ. Posebna pažnja posvećena je utjecaju srednjovjekovne kršćanske misli, osobito djelima Ivana Damašćanskog, kao i mogućoj povezanosti Danteovog djela s islamskom eshatološkom literaturom, prije svega s Kitāb al-Miʿrāğ. Rad razmatra složen odnos između stvarnog znanja o islamu i kulturnih stereotipa koji su se oblikovali u evropskoj imaginaciji toga doba. Cilj rada je ukazati na načine kako je islam prikazivan u kanonskoj evropskoj književnosti te analizirati dubinske uzroke i posljedice tih prikaza u širem okviru kulturne historije Evrope.

The inverted word order is a stylistic marker in Turkish language, indicating that inversion of sentence elements occurs in contextually and stylistically marked situations. This paper examines contextual situations where the inversion of components of the first genitive case is applied. The analysis is based on examples found in the novels Masumiyet Müzesi, Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık and Kırmızı Saçlı Kadın by Orhan Pamuk. The first part of paper discusses contextual situations where the attributive component of the first genitive case is transferred to a postposition relative to the nominal predicate. The second part of the paper analyzes examples where the attributive component of the first genitive case is transferred to the postposition relative to the verbal predicate. The primary objective of the paper is to analyze the grammatical and semantical features of inverted sentences in which the attributive component of the first genitive case is transferred to the final position in the sentence. Such analysis contributes to better understanding of contextual situations where the inversion of components of first genitive case occurs and provides a good foundation and starting point for further research on the inversion of sentence elements in Turkish language.

This paper examines the issue of reforming the Shia Twelver doctrine with the aim of illuminating and analyzing the fundamental demands of the religious reformist currents within Shia scholarship through an analysis of the texts of the most prominent Shia religious reformers. The paper highlights significant critiques directed at the official Twelver Shia dogma, which primarily reflect calls for the revision of Shia hadith heritage, a return to the Qur'an, and the rejection of superstitions that have become entrenched in Shia religious theory and practice. The views of seven of the most prominent reformers of Shia thought are presented and analyzed. In this research observed a tendency of reformist scholars towards rapprochement between Islamic sects and the building of unity among Muslims based on critiques of the primary sources of Islam and arguments reconciled with both the Qur'an and reason.

While many of the authors’ views which we analyzed reveal numerous very close, and sometimes identical, elements of critique, we observed certain differences among them. The most notable differences between them is the acceptance or rejection of the imamate as a foundation of faith. We named the group of reformist scholars who accept the imamate as the "revisionist current," while those who reject the imamate as a foundation of faith are named the "alternative current." The first one seeks to purify Twelver Shia Islam and return to "original Shi'ism" while the latter aims for a return to "original Islam".

Through their scientific and social engagement, reformist scholars have influenced both the course of official Twelver Shia Islam and non Shia religious thought. It is anticipated that the further development of reformist thought will increasingly participate in shaping future trends and currents of Islamic religious thought in Iran and beyond.