U ovom preglednom radu istražuju se rani kulturni i književni temelji islamofobije u evropskoj tradiciji, s posebnim fokusom na Danteovo remek-djelo Božanstvena komedija. Analiziran je prikaz Poslanika Muhammeda, a.s., i Alije, r.a., u osmom krugu pakla, pri čemu se razmatraju istorijski, teološki i književni konteksti koji su oblikovali ovaj negativni narativ. Posebna pažnja posvećena je utjecaju srednjovjekovne kršćanske misli, osobito djelima Ivana Damašćanskog, kao i mogućoj povezanosti Danteovog djela s islamskom eshatološkom literaturom, prije svega s Kitāb al-Miʿrāğ. Rad razmatra složen odnos između stvarnog znanja o islamu i kulturnih stereotipa koji su se oblikovali u evropskoj imaginaciji toga doba. Cilj rada je ukazati na načine kako je islam prikazivan u kanonskoj evropskoj književnosti te analizirati dubinske uzroke i posljedice tih prikaza u širem okviru kulturne historije Evrope.

The following piece of work thematizes in a very scientific way one of the great mainstream religious traditions, and, primarily, from the recourse of the interpretative/intellectual tradition of Islam (islām 'aqlī), which as such relies on the constitutive sources of faith. In etymological, i.e. terminological sense, it determines what is understood and meant under the term an-naṣārā. By means of scientific instruments formed in the frame of Islamic Theology of Religions, this work deals with the problem of authenticity and originality of the Holy Christian Script and the most important doctrinal teachings. 

Namely, the idea of God's Unity (tawḥīd), from the perspective of Islam represents the starting point in perceiving other religious traditions and their teachings. On those foundations, Muslim authors, and the best examples are classic authors such as al-Māturīdī, al-Bāqillānī, al-Ash'arī, al-Ğuwainī, al-Bīrūnī, al-Bagdādī, consider the credibility of doctrines within other religious teachings. Furthermore, the most important and famous sects that were formed from this religious tradition were represented through the historical-theological discourse. 

In that sense, the above-mentioned Christian sects disagree on many doctrines and theological interpretations. With all these overriding problems, in a very objective way, classic Muslim authors will deal in their works, in the context of Islamic Theology of Religions, using the intertextual dialogue form as the need of that time. 

This paper explores the concept of happiness from the perspective of Islamic theology and tradition. In modern society, happiness is often perceived through the lens of material goods and individual rights, while Islamic tradition offers a deeper, spiritual framework for its understanding. The author analyzes the distinction between ancient and modern conceptions of happiness, highlighting that true happiness is rooted in spiritual fulfillment and living in accordance with God’s commandments. The paper also examines how different linguistic definitions and philosophical schools, including Greek and hedonistic traditions, shape the understanding of happiness, and how Islam, by emphasizing a balance between the material and spiritual, offers a holistic approach to this fundamental question of human existence. Through a comparison with the American Declaration of Independence and modern social norms, the author critically re-evaluates the hedonistic approach to happiness, emphasizing the dangers of seeking happiness solely in sensory pleasures. The paper concludes that happiness is a complex state that involves more than fleeting feelings of satisfaction and that true happiness requires a deep understanding of life’s purpose and spiritual effort.